History+of+Education

History ||
 * ||  || Definition || Image ||
 * Dr. Tim || Fiegen || Booker T. Washington - Booker Washington was an American political leader, educator, orator and author. Representing the last generation of black leaders born in slavery, Washington was able throughout the final 25 years of his life to maintain his standing as the black leader because of the sponsorship of powerful whites, substantial support within the black community, his ability to raise educational funds from both groups and his skillful accommodation to the social realities of the age of segregation. He was a big part of getting all freed black children to enter public schools. || [[image:edfn338sp2013-online/Booker_T_Washington.jpg width="110" height="151"]] ||
 * Amy || Acheson || ====== Boston English Classical School- ======
 * One of the first public high schools in America, founded in 1821.
 * Originally called The English Classical School, it was renamed The English High School due to its first relocation in 1824.
 * The current building is located in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston.
 * English High was created originally to educate working class schoolboys in preparation for business, mechanics, and engineering trades.
 * Its original curriculum consisted of such courses as English, surveying, navigation, geography, logic, and civics as well as a strong emphasis on mathematics. || [[image:edfn338sp2013-online/school.jpg width="172" height="136"]] ||
 * Spencer || Adams || Goals 2000-Educate America Act ||  ||
 * Justin || Barnett || life-adjustment education - This is an idea thought of during the trying, yet booming, times of the 40's and 50's that taught hands on-training for jobs needed during said period. Our current administration believes 100% of Americans should and can attend a secondary educational. This is simply not true. Although our roads, water system, electrical system, and etc. are provided by skilled workers, it would be nearly impossible, if not unnecessary, for these individual workers to repay their college loan debt. We need skilled workers, most of which require zero college education, but simply hands-on training to successfully complete the tasks presented. || [[image:edfn338sp2013-online/welf.jpg]] ||
 * Kathryn || Brock || ** Massachusetts School Law of 1642- ** The Massachusetts School Law of 1642 gave local magistrates the responsibility of ensuring that parents did not neglect their children's education. It did not order the establishment of schools, but gave local government the power to fine parents who did not see to their children's education. || [[image:edfn338sp2013-online/mass school of law 1642.png width="219" height="138"]] ||
 * Abigail || Bulock || Boston Latin Grammar School - The Boston Latin Grammar School was created in 1635. The main purpose for this school was to train young, wealthy boys to get to pass the entrance test to get into Harvard College. There was other Latin Grammar Schools that were created after the Boston Latin Grammar School opened. These schools were originally designed for only sons of certain social classes who were destined for leadership positions in church, state, or courts. The only pupils who were even considered for these schools were the male students who belonged to wealthy families; females were not allowed in these schools, because supposedly, “only” males could only be leaders in the world of how the Puritans’ viewed life. Boys did not enter the schools until after they had learned the rudiments of their own language what was required to learn Latin and Greek. The schools taught reading, writing, and arithmetic. Also, the schools taught Latin, Greek, and theology. The Latin Grammar Schools were the beginning of high schools that prepared students for colleges and universities. || [[image:edfn338sp2013-online/Boston Latin Grammar School.jpg width="195" height="278" align="left"]] ||
 * Timothy || Furness || "Old Deluder Satan Act" of 1647- The lack of family response to Massachusetts School Law of 1642 brought on the Old Deluder Satan Act" of 1647, which extended educational requirements. The idea was to promote education as a buffer against Satan's wiles, requiring all towns with a population of over fifty families to hire a teacher of reading or writing, paid by either the community or parents, and signaled a move for the community to assume more responsibility for the education of the young. || [[image:edfn338sp2013-online/edfn.jpg]] ||
 * Ashley || Geditz || Dame Schools- These were schools that were operated by a local woman, often a widow, who cared for children as young as two and taught them basic literacy. The dame schools had a basic curriculum that stressed the alphabet, some simple spelling, and some religious training. The boys might be taught some simple arithmetic and the girls learned how to knit and sew. || [[image:edfn338sp2013-online/Dame_school.png width="132" height="159"]] ||
 * Amanda || Gilbertson || **The National Defense Education Act-** This act was signed into law on September 2, 1958, provided funding to United States education institutions at all levels. It was inaugurated by President Eisenhower in 1958, motivated to increase the technological sophistication and power of the U.S. It followed a growing national sense that U.S. scientists were falling behind scientists in the Soviet Union, catalyzed, arguably, by early Soviet success in the Space Race, notably the launch of the first-ever satellite, //Sputnik//, the year before. || [[image:edfn338sp2013-online/ndealogo.gif width="168" height="123"]] ||
 * Lilian || Harmer || The Progressive Education Movement- Change in the schools brought by both attention to the Cardinal Principle and actions taken by groups looking for a more practical emphasis in the curriculum suggested that more and more people had come to see education as a necessity for all young people. The progressive education movement has been applied to the general program of people who sought these goals. Supporters of the movement drew inspiration from John Dewey's work. The installation of counseling programs in schools, for example, which developed at an especially rapid rate during the 1930s, represented a logical extension of Dewey's concern for individual development. || [[image:https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSeQJRIHfl5gnihyqL9x34tJtIkKO9e8OHyiZpdnyjCVzjV_lR0]] ||
 * Tyler || Hennagir || Private Academies- **Private academies**, also known as **independent schools** or **nonstate schools**, are not administered by local, state or national governments; thus, they retain the right to select their students and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition, rather than relying on mandatory taxation through public (government) funding; at some private schools students may be able to get a scholarship, which makes the cost cheaper, depending on a talent the student may have e.g. sport scholarship, art scholarship, academic scholarship etc. Private schools are typically more expensive than their public counterparts. || [[image:http://www.nhhistory.org/chooses/images/peacademy.jpg width="227" height="121" link="edfn338sp2013-online/url"]][[image:http://edfn338sp2013-online.wikispaces.com/site/embedthumbnail/placeholder?w=NaN&h=NaN]]
 * Stacey || Hopf || The Cardinal Principles- There are 7 Cardinal Principles. They are health, command of fundamental processes (writing, reading, oral presentation and math), worthy home membership (family), vocational preparation (careers), citizenship (community and country), worthy use of leisure time, and ethical character (responsibility and initiative). They were used when the secondary education or high school institutions were formed. It was thought that the high school should focus on developing individuals in these seven areas. Some schools put more focus on certain principles, but they all were included in the curriculum. || [[image:edfn338sp2013-online/Revised-Woodcut-Scale_TM_LG.png width="200" height="132"]] ||
 * Kayla || Kost || The Common School ||  ||
 * Jennifer || Lease || The Kalamazoo Case- To finance public schools, the famous Kalamazoo case (Stuart v. School District No. 1 of the Village of Kalamazoo, 1874) ruled that the state legislature had the right to pass laws levying taxes for the support of both elementary and secondary schools. This ruling established a legal precedent for public funding secondary schools. As a result, secondary school enrollments increased as school districts began building many more high schools. Because of a widespread desire to provide older learners with “useful” educational experiences, many secondary schools broadened their curriculum include more practical, work-related subjects. || [[image:edfn338sp2013-online/Kalamazoo.png]] ||
 * Melissa || Ledeboer || The Comprehensive High School- Ground work for these schools were laid by the Cardinal Principals. People believed that the program should feature educational and promote student development. This program prepared students for college. Only some high schools gave equal emphasis to each subject. || [[image:edfn338sp2013-online/chapter 8 project.jpg width="132" height="133"]] ||
 * Eric || Liles ||  ||   ||
 * Alyssa || Masie || Sputnik- was the first artificial earth satellite; it was a 585 mm (23 in) diameter shiny metal sphere, with four external radio antennae to broadcast radio pulses. The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957. It was visible all around the Earth and its radio pulses detectable. The surprise success precipitated the American Sputnik crisis, began the Space Age, and triggered the Space Race, a part of the larger Cold War. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments. || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/300px-Sputnik_asm.jpg width="216" height="191" link="edfn338sp2013-online/url"]] ||
 * Derek || Mertz ||  ||   ||
 * Chelsea || Meyer || The Junior High School- In education systems where children receive three levels of schooling, a **middle school** is a school which educates them after they have finished their first school and before they commence the last. Middle schools generally cover between the fourth or fifth year of schooling up to the eighth or ninth year, although this may vary. The education delivered by middle schools is usually considered a part of [|secondary education], but in some education systems may be [|primary education] or a mix of the two.In some areas, [|junior high school] fulfills the same function as a middle school.Middle school is often associated with personal and emotional difficulty, related to the physical and hormonal changes that accompany [|adolescence] and exacerbated by newfound self-consciousness, social pressures, and the desire for conformity and identity. || [[image:edfn338sp2013-online/junior high school.jpg width="263" height="175"]] ||
 * Neal || Petersen || Plessy v. Ferguson- Homer Plessy boarded a East Louisiana railroad train in New Orleans and took a seat in a white-only car. He was asked to move and refused. He was then arrested and brought before New Orleans Parish Judge John Ferguson. Plessy and his attorney argued that the separate car laws violated his civil rights. Ferguson found Plessy guilty and he was charged with a twenty-five dollar fine. However, this case was far from over, it went to the Supreme Court and the law of separate cars was quickly found constitutional. The Court ruled that "separate but equal facilities" was proper under the 14th Amendment. After the case was argued twice and almost two years later the court ruled 8-1 that Louisiana was correct. || [[image:edfn338sp2013-online/Plessy.jpg width="176" height="157"]] ||
 * Kayla || Plimpton || The Normal School - The normal school was established by Horace Mann. It is an institution specifically designed to prepare people for careers as teachers. It was first established in 1839. In the beginning, normal schools provided only one or two years of formal education. Their importance is the precedent they set for formalizing the education of future teachers. || [[image:edfn338sp2013-online/kindergarten-children-in-horace-mann-school-working-on-doll-houses-tulsa-oklahoma-march-1917_i-G-37-3726-LDPAF00Z.jpg width="281" height="211"]] ||
 * Kahryn || Ragsdale || Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka- //**Brown v. Board of Education**//, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The decision overturned the //Plessy v. Ferguson// decision of 1896 which allowed state-sponsored segregation. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9–0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." As a result, //de jure// racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the civil rights movement. || [[image:edfn338sp2013-online/bvbe.jpg]] ||
 * Dawn || Ruhlman || “Old Deluder Satan Act” of 1647- Extended educational requirements of Massachusetts School Law of 1642. The name by which the law is popularly known derives from wording in the act that promoted education as a buffer againist Satan's Wiles. The law required every town of 50 or more families to hire a teacher of reading or writting. The teacher was to be paid by either the community or parents of the learners. This act signaled a move for the community to assume more responsibility for the education of the young. || [[image:edfn338sp2013-online/Old Deluder Satan Act” of 1647.jpg width="288" height="203"]] ||
 * Connor || Ruppert ||  ||   ||
 * Ashley || Ruud || intelligence quotient- a measure of the intelligence of an individual derived from results obtained from specially designed tests. The quotient is traditionally derived by dividing an individual's mental age by his or her chronological age and multiplying the result by 100. The abbreviation is ** IQ. ** || [[image:edfn338sp2013-online/IQ.jpg width="207" height="151"]] ||
 * Sijing || Tian || Johann Friedrich Herbart- Herbart's system of philosophy stems from the analysis of experience. The system includes logic, metaphysics, and aesthetics as coordinate elements. He rejected all concepts of separate mental faculties, postulating instead that all mental phenomena result from interaction of elementary ideas. Herbart believed that educational methods and systems should be based on psychology and ethics: psychology to furnish necessary knowledge of the mind and ethics to be used as a basis for determining the social ends of education. Herbart was the first scientist to distinguish instructional process from subject matter. According to Herbart, interest develops when already strong and vivid ideas are hospitable towards new ones, thus past associations motivate apperception of current ones. Herbartianism, in predicting that learning follows from building up sequences of ideas important to the individual, gave teachers a semblance of a theory of motivation. || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Johann_Friedrich_Herbart.jpg width="148" height="152"]] ||
 * Yusuf || Vinson ||  ||   ||
 * Angela || Wagner || Horace Mann- Horace Mann was an educator and a statesman who greatly advanced the cause of universal, free, non-sectarian public schools. Mann also advocated temperance, abolition, hospitals for the mentally ill, and women's rights. His preferred cause was education, about which he remarked that while "other reforms are remedial; education is preventative." In his view, education allowed persons to discern the ethical demands of natural law, thereby creating a responsible and moral citizenry. During his tenure of Sec of Board of Education, Mann increased the funding available to schools, improved the preparation and support of teachers, and advocated for compassionate discipline. Mann's most controversial work for the Board of Education involved his advocacy of nonsectarian religious education. Mann believed children in public schools should be taught the ethical principles common across Christianity but not those doctrines about which different sects disagreed. || [[image:edfn338sp2013-online/Horace Mann.jpeg]] ||
 * Christina || Warnke || **Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi-**Pestalozzi suggested that education should take place in a caring atmosphere and should function as an agent to improve society. Pestalozzi also introduced the idea that teachers should be provided with special training. || [[image:edfn338sp2013-online/814852044b955aeb94f517a10d17b580v1_max_440x330_b3535db83dc50e27c1bb1392364c95a2.jpg width="220" height="165"]] ||
 * Brianna || Wingen || **John Amos Comenius-**promoted the ideas of orgainizing learning into sequential, graded schools. He believed that education was for all people; men, women, children, and all nations. He also believed that children should be taught in their native language, as well as Latin. || [[image:edfn338sp2013-online/john amos comenius.png]] ||